The verb is king in English. The shortest sentence contains a verb. You can make a one-word sentence with a verb, for example: Stop! You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other type of word.
Verbs are sometimes described as "action words". This is partly true. Many verbs give the idea of action, of "doing" something. For example, words like run, fight, do and work all convey action.
But some verbs do not give the idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state, of "being". For example, verbs like be, exist, seem and belong all convey state.
A verb always has a subject. (In the sentence "John speaks English", John is the subject and speaks is the verb.) In simple terms, therefore, we can say that verbs are words that tell us what a subject does or is; they describe:
action (Ram plays football)
state (Ram is English)
There is something very special about verbs in English. Most other words (adjectives, adverbs, prepositions etc) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular and plural forms). But almost all verbs change in form. For example, the verb to work has five forms:
to work, work, works, worked, working
We divide verbs into two broad classifications:
helping verbs (also called "auxiliary verbs")
These are verbs that have no real meaning. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. For example, will, would, may are helping verbs. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb.
main verbs (also called "lexical verbs")
These are verbs that really mean something, they tell us something. For example, love, make, work are main verbs.
Types of Main Verb
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Transitive verbs can take a direct object (subject + verb + object). Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object (subject + verb [+ indirect object]). Many verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
transitive:
He speaks English.
We are watching TV.
I saw an elephant.
intransitive:
He has arrived.
She speaks fast.
John goes to school.
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Linking verbs
Linking verbs are always intransitive. A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to what is said about the subject. Usually, a linking verb shows equality (=) or a change to a different state or place (> ).
Mary is a teacher. (mary = teacher)
Tara is beautiful. (tara = beautiful)
That sounds interesting. (that = interesting)
The sky became dark. (the sky > dark)
The bread has gone bad. (bread > bad)
Dynamic and stative verbs
Some verbs describe action. They are called "dynamic", and can be used with continuous tenses. Other verbs describe state (non-action, a situation). They are called "stative", and cannot normally be used with continuous tenses (though some of them can be used with continuous tenses with a change in meaning).
dynamic verbs: examples
hit, explode, fight, run, go
stative verbs: examples
be
like, love, prefer, wish
impress, please, surprise
hear, see, sound
belong to, consist of, contain, include, need
appear, resemble, seem
Regular and irregular verbs
This is more a question of vocabulary than of grammar. The only real difference between regular and irregular verbs is that they have different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart.
regular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
look, looked, looked
work, worked, worked
irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
buy, bought, bought
cut, cut, cut
do, did, done
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With my best wishes